• Altogether these data suggested that GlmU might be

  2021-01-12

  

  Altogether these data suggested that GlmU might be involved in the M. smegmatis biofilm mediated defence mechanisms. GlmU belongs to a metabolic pathway leading to UDP-GlcNAc from fructose-1-phosphate involved in the biosynthesis of peptidoglycan and lipopolysaccharide (Fig. 8). Recently, we demonst

• Collagen alignment can contribute to

  2021-01-12

  

  Collagen alignment can contribute to tissue stiffening (Malik et al., 2015, Paszek et al., 2005), and ECM stiffness in turn is a powerful activator of integrin function (Levental et al., 2009). These findings highlight the contribution of the mechanical properties of the ECM to signal transduction.

• We have previously reported that CK is

  2021-01-12

  

  We have previously reported that CK2 is downregulated in senescent human lung fibroblast IMR-90 cells, aged rat tissues, and aging nematodes [17,18]. CK2 downregulation induces cellular senescence via the PI3K-AKT-mTOR-reactive oxygen species-p53-p21Cip1/WAF1 pathway in human cells [[19], [20], [21]

• Information on the mechanism by which parasite

  2021-01-11

  

  Information on the mechanism by which parasite infections promote ECM degradation is limited (McKerrow et al., 1983; Andrade, 1994; Lu and Lai, 2013; Thibeaux et al., 2014). The interaction of plasminogen-plasmin with proteins of microorganisms, including bacteria, has been suggested to play a key r

• A growing number of other post translational

  2021-01-11

  

  A growing number of other post-translational modifications are implicated in regulation of the ubiquitin system, including substrate modification by hydroxylation, glycosylation, acetylation, methylation, modification by poly(ADP-ribose) (PAR), and attachment of ubiquitin-like modifiers. The HIF1-α

• In contrast DAG phosphorylation to PA by

  2021-01-11

  

  In contrast, DAG phosphorylation to PA by diacylglycerol kinases (DGKs) represents a quantitatively minor metabolic pathway, but is generally regarded as a main disposal pathway for “signaling” DAG. PA produced by DGKs is an intermediate of the synthesis of CDP-DAG, cardiolipin and PI. However, PA i

• Cot MAP K is the sole

  2021-01-11

  

  Cot (MAP3K8) is the sole MAP3K that activates the MEK1/2-Erk1/2 following the activation of the TLR/IL-1 receptor superfamily as well as some receptors of the TNF receptor family [8], [9], [10] and mediates the production of chemokines and cytokines in different cell systems [reviewed in [11]]. Thus

• It is now well accepted that increased local estrogen levels

  2021-01-11

  

  It is now well accepted that increased local estrogen levels are associated with both the onset and growth of breast cancer. Tissue concentrations of estradiol (E2) in breast cancer are 10 times higher than that found in plasma [12]. Breast cancer tissues also contain increased activity and expressi

• After activation AKT phosphorylates target proteins

  2021-01-11

  

  After activation, AKT phosphorylates target proteins involved in cell growth, metabolism and survival (Manning and Cantley, 2007). For example, AKT phosphorylates the pro-apoptotic protein BAD, preventing it from binding to and inactivating Bcl-xL in mitochondria (Datta et al., 1997). In turn, Bcl-

• Information on the mechanism by which parasite infections

  2021-01-11

  

  Information on the mechanism by which parasite infections promote ECM degradation is limited (McKerrow et al., 1983; Andrade, 1994; Lu and Lai, 2013; Thibeaux et al., 2014). The interaction of plasminogen-plasmin with proteins of microorganisms, including bacteria, has been suggested to play a key r

• br Material and methods br Results

  2021-01-11

  

  Material and methods Results Discussion The results show for the first time that DDRs may be involved in the pathogenic mechanisms of neurodegenerative diseases. We found that DDR1 and DDR2 levels are up-regulated in post-mortem AD and PD brains, suggesting that these receptors play a role

• Western blotting and flow cytometry was employed to assess

  2021-01-09

  

  Western blotting and flow cytometry was employed to assess the DNA-PK inhibition of LTU28 and LTU31 in combination with radiation. It has been previously reported that phosphorylation of DNA-PKcs at the Thr2609 cluster plays an important role in DSB repair and resistance to radiation (Ding et al., 2

• In general the DNMT encompass three different structural

  2021-01-09

  

  In general, the DNMT encompass three different structural regions: N-terminal regulatory domain, C-terminal catalytic domain and a central linker region (). The N-terminal regulatory domain is particularly implicated in determining subcellular localization of the DNMT and in allocating unmethylated

• DAPK is a kD Ca calmodulin CaM regulated Ser

  2021-01-09

  

  DAPK is a 160-kD Ca2+/calmodulin (CaM)-regulated Ser/Thr kinase that mediates cell death. The activated forms of DAPK and DRP-1 are capable of inducing two distinct cytoplasmic events characteristic of programmed cell death, including membrane blebbing and the formation of autophagic vesicles (Inbal

• To further determine the cell death the cells in flasks

  2021-01-09

  

  To further determine the cell death, the rad51 inhibitor in flasks were harvested after OGD or LTD4 treatment, washed twice with PBS, and evaluated with Annexin V (AV)-FITC apoptosis detection kit I (BD Biosciences Pharmingen, USA) on a flow cytometer (FACSCalibur, Becton–Dickinson, USA). Briefly,

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